Ketimpangan pendapatan antarwilayah di Jawa Timur: Peran pertumbuhan ekonomi, belanja daerah, IPM, dan upah minimum

Authors

  • Ariyani Nurul Fadilah Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur
  • Marseto Marseto Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53088/jerps.v6i2.3107

Keywords:

Income Inequality, Williamson Index, Economic Growth, Regional Expenditure, Human Development Index

Abstract

Income inequality between regions in East Java Province remains an obstacle to equitable development even though economic growth continues to increase, indicating that economic progress is not evenly distributed across the region. The present study examined the extent to which economic growth, regional fiscal expenditure, the Human Development Index, and district-level minimum wages influence income inequality across regencies and municipalities in East Java Province. Income inequality was measured using the Williamson Index. The study employed a quantitative approach with a panel data regression method based on balanced panel data covering 38 districts and cities during the 2020–2024 period, resulting in 190 observations. Empirical results revealed that economic growth and minimum wage both exerted a statistically significant positive influence on income inequality. In contrast, greater allocation of regional fiscal expenditure and improvements in human development were found to serve as effective mechanisms in narrowing interregional income disparities within East Java Province.

References

Afif, D. H. M. (2022). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Ketimpangan Pendapatan Antar Daerah Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Tahun 2010-2018. Diponegoro Journal of Economics, 11(3), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.14710/djoe.34841

Amalia, F., & Al., E. (2022). Ekonomi Pembangunan (R. Kusumaningrum (ed.); 1st ed.). Penerbit Widina Bhakti Persada Bandung.

Aprilianti, V., & Harkeni, A. (2021). Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Terhadap Ketimpangan Wilayah di Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Khazanah Intelektual, 5(2), 1142–1160. https://doi.org/10.37250/newkiki.v5i2.111

Asy’ariati, F. A., Wahyudi, H., Murwiati, A., Nirmala, ]Tiara, & Taher, A. R. Y. (2022). Ketimpangan Wilayah Antar Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Lampung. E-Journal Field of Economics, Business and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.23960/efebe.v1i1.23

Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Timur. (2025). Ekonomi Jawa Timur Tahun 2024 tumbuh 4,93 Persen Ekonomi Jawa Timur Triwulan IV-2024 tumbuh 5,03 Persen (Y-on-Y) Ekonomi Jawa Timur Triwulan IV-2024 tumbuh -0,77 Persen (Q-to-Q). Berita Resmi Statistik. https://jatim.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2025/02/05/1479/ekonomi-jawa-timur-tahun-2024-tumbuh-4-93-persenekonomi-jawa-timur-triwulan-iv-2024-tumbuh-5-03-persen--y-on-y-ekonomi-jawa-timur-triwulan-iv-2024-tumbuh--0-77-persen--q-to-q-.html

Balqis, Z. N. P., & Nurhadi, B. (2025). Dampak jumlah penduduk, upah minimum dan indeks pembangunan manusia terhadap kemiskinan: Peran ZIS sebagai variabel moderasi di Jawa Tengah. Journal of Economics Research and Policy Studies, 5(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.53088/jerps.v5i1.1366

Cahyantini, A., & al., et. (2024). Ekonomi dan Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (F. S. Schouten (ed.)). CV. Gita Lentera.

Chancel, L., Gómez-Carrera, R., Moshrif, R., & Piketty, T. (2026). Top 10% national income share. World Inequality Lab.

Ersad, M. E., Amir, A., & Zulgani. (2022). Dampak IPM, tingkat pengangguran dan tingkat kemiskinan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Sumatera Bagian Selatan. Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika, 17(2), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.22437/jpe.v17i2.15614

Febrianto, R. (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Belanja Daerah, Dan Ipm Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan Antar Daerah Di Provinsi Jawa Timur 2011-2015. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 5(1), 1–15. https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/3572

Ghozali, I., & Ratmono, D. (2018). Analisis Multivariat Dan Ekonometrika Teori, Konsep, dan Aplikasi dengan EViews 10 (2nd ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Hermawan, A. U., & Taher, A. R. Y. (2025). Analisis Relevansi Hipotesis Kuznet Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan Di Indonesia Periode 2004-2023. E-Journal Field of Economics, Business and Entrepreneurship (EFEBE), 3(3), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.23960/efebe.v3i3.263

Irawan, D., Wijimulawiani, B. S., & Hak, M. B. (2024). Analisis Pengaruh Populasi, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Ipm, Investasi Dan Pengangguran Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Tahun 2019-2023. Ekuilnomi: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 6(3), 623–633. https://doi.org/10.36985/y23kbn87

Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Perbendaharaan Negara Provinsi Papua Barat. (2023). Kajian Fiskal Regional (KFR) Papua Barat Tahun 2022. Kantor Wilayah Direktorat Jenderal Perbendaharaan Negara Provinsi Papua Barat.

Koponen, S., & Kouvo, A. (2024). The Mediating Role of Perception of Society Between Income Inequality and Life Satisfaction. Insights from the European Social Survey. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 19(5), 2847–2869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-024-10361-6

Kusmawati, D. Z., Atsnaa, N. T., Masruroh, U., Astuti, P., Indrawati, L. R., & Rahmah, S. (2025). Kontribusi fiskal daerah terhadap peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat: Studi Kasus Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Journal of Economics Research and Policy Studies, 5(3), 653–665. https://doi.org/10.53088/jerps.v5i3.2016

Leasiwal, T. C., Payapo, R. W., Oppier, H., & Setya, D. (2022). Analysis of Income Disparities between Regions in the Western Region of Indonesia and the Eastern Region of Indonesia. International Journal of Science and Society, 4(4), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i4.612

Madsen, J., & Strulik, H. (2025). Taking Kuznets Seriously. Journal of Economic Growth, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-025-09262-6

Meidiyan, H., Asrini, & Irmanelly. (2025). Pengaruh Upah Minimum, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Provinsi Jambi. Ekopedia: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, 1(2), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.63822/0pa9km04

Moffat, M. (2025). Essential Economics Terms: Kuznets Curve. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/kuznets-curve-in-economics-1146122

Mulia, F. S., & Rosalia, A. C. T. (2025). Analisis Sektor Unggulan dan Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi terhadap Kemiskinan di Kabupaten Brebes. Journal of Economics Research and Policy Studies, 5(1), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.53088/jerps.v5i1.1699

Negara, B. P., & Khoirunurrofik, K. (2021). Dampak Desentralisasi Fiskal terhadap Konvergensi Pendapatan Perkapita antar Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia. Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara Dan Kebijakan Publik, 6(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v6i1.185

Priambodo, A. (2025). Inequality and poverty intensity as drivers of deprivation in Eastern Indonesia. Journal of Economics Research and Policy Studies, 5(3), 783–800. https://doi.org/10.53088/jerps.v5i3.2385

Putri, R. N., & Hanifa, N. (2024). Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Upah Minimum, dan Pengangguran Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan Jawa Timur. Independent: Journal of Economics, 4, 105–114. https://doi.org/10.26740/independent.v4i3.65963

Rachmawati, L. N., Lubis, F. R., & Azzakiyyah, N. A. (2025). Regional income disparities in Indonesia: Insights from the Williamson index and panel data analysis. Optimum: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 15(2), 264–271. https://doi.org/10.12928/optimum.v15i2.12953

Ravallion, M., & Chen, S. (2021). Is That Really A Kuznets Curve? Turning Points For Income Inequality In China. Nber Working Paper Series, 20, 749–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-022-09541-x

S. Dai, S. I., Canon, S., & Bauty, D. O. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Rls, Pengeluaran Perkapita, Uhh, Dan Tingkat Kemiskinan Terhadap Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan Di Kbi Dan Kti. Jesya Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah, 6(1), 535–544. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v6i1.950

Salsabila, A. H., Rahmatillah, A. E., Arwansa, D., Mukharohmah, M. S., & Septiani, Y. (2025). Dampak Upah Minimum, IPM, Dan Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Terhadap Pengangguran: Analisis Data Panel Lima Kabupaten Jawa Tengah. Journal of Economics Research and Policy Studies, 5(1), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.53088/jerps.v5i1.1864

Sjafrizal. (2008). Ekonomi Regional: Teori dan Aplikasi. Baduose Media.

Suprihanto, J., & Putri, L. P. (2021). Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia (Dewi (ed.)). Gadjah Mada University Press.

Tarigan, R. (2024). Ekonomi Regional Teori dan Aplikasi. Bumi Aksara.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2020). Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene. In UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). United Nations Development Programme.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2022). Human Development Report 2021-2022 Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World. In UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). United Nations Development Programme.

Utomo, A. P. (2021). Analisis Pergeseran Struktur Ekonomi dan Ketimpangan Pendapatan Kota Kendari Tahun 2010–2018. Robust: Research of Business and Economics Studies, 1(2), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.31332/robust.v1i2.3737

Wahyudi. (2023). Pengeluaran Pemerintah Provinsi Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Ketimpangan Pendapatan Di Indonesia. Sebatik, 27(2), 708–715. https://doi.org/10.46984/sebatik.v27i2.2369

Wahyuni, S., & Andriyani, D. (2022). Pengaruh Inflasi, Jumlah Penduduk dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Ekonomi Regional Unimal, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.29103/jeru.v5i1.7919

Yoertiara, R. F., & Feriyanto, N. (2022). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, IPM, dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan provinsi-provinsi di pulau Jawa. Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi Dan Keuangan, 1(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.20885/jkek.vol1.iss1.art9

Downloads

Published

2026-07-27

How to Cite

Fadilah, A. N., & Marseto, M. (2026). Ketimpangan pendapatan antarwilayah di Jawa Timur: Peran pertumbuhan ekonomi, belanja daerah, IPM, dan upah minimum. Journal of Economics Research and Policy Studies, 6(2), 447–467. https://doi.org/10.53088/jerps.v6i2.3107