Journal of Islamic History

The Hijrah: a Re-Evaluation Through Contemporary Histography and Moral Implications

Mustapha Adebayo Bello , Uthman Okanlawon Sidiq — Thu, 05 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Most of the works written by scholars on the Hijrah of the Prophet detailed its significance in establishing the Madinan state, which further led to the efflorescence of Islam from that century up to the present time without examining the moral precepts of modern man. Treating historical events from a purely causative angle often reduces its relevance in addressing modern socioeconomic and political challenges. Besides, a recent chronological assessment of the series of events and persons directly involved in the Hijrah has raised queries on the veracity of the age-long popular perception of the roles played by individuals in the accomplishment of the journey. Identifying these two gaps provides us with the lacuna this work is out to fill. While relying on the rules of historiography, it is essential to determine the reliability of the available Islamic historical sources and scrutinize scriptural provisions that make the Prophet’s life a model for all Muslims. So, migration is not only interrogated as a phenomenon with defining significance to the fortune of Islam but scrutinized to verify the accuracy of the order of events and the roles of individuals on the journey. Its planning and execution are also discussed to unravel the inherent lessons for troubleshooting, strategic planning, security consciousness, spiritual fortification, and peacebuilding as guides in life-changing endeavors.

Keywords: hijrah, historiography, life endeavours, moral precepts

REFERENCES

Abdul-Azim, A.Z. (2000), Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim Arabic-English, Riyadh: Darussalam

Abdul Azeez, T. (2024), “Felix of Nola and Q9 Verse 40” in https://ibntaofeeq.com/fe;ix-of-nola-and-q9-verse40/ , March 14, 2024, accessed on 01-01-2025

Adamu, A. (nd) “The Establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate and Its Impact on Society and Economy” in The Sokoto Caliphate History and Legacies, 1804-2004, Volume One. p. 5

Ali, M.A. (2002), The Holy Qur’ān with English Translation and Commentary, USA: Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha’at Islam Lahore Inc.

As-Sallaabee, A.M. (2005), The Noble Life of the Prophet, Riyadh: Darussalam, p. 654

Bello, M.A. (2023), “Re-Examining the Hijrah as a Moral Code for Political Formation of State in Islam” in LASU Journal of History & International Studies, Nigeria: Department of History & International Studies, Faculty of Arts, Lagos State University, 76

Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/English/historiography accessed 01-01-2025

Doi, A.I, (1982), Introduction to the Hadith, Lagos: Islamic Publication Bureau, p. 32

Bert, G. Voices of the Saints, Loyola Press, see https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/saint-felix-of-nola/ accessed 01-01-2025

Haykal, M.H. (1976), The Life of Muhammad, India: Millat Center, pp. 90-99

Hitti, P.K. (1985). History of the Arabs, United Kingdom: Macmillan Education Limited, pp. 8-118

Ibn Kathir, (2010), The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Al-Sira al-Nabawiya, Karachi: Darul-Ishat Urdu, pp. 3-100

Khalil, S.A. (2003), Atlas on the Prophet’s Biography, Riyadh: Darussalam, p. 22

Khan, M.M. (nd), Translation of the Meanings of Ṣaḥiḥ Bukhari Arabic-English, Lebanon: Dar-al-Arabia Publishing Printing & Distribution

Masudu, H. (2001), History of Islam, India: Alfa Publishers & Distributors Srinagar (J & K)

Qutb, S. (nd), In the Shade of the Qur’ān, vol. XVIII,

Rahim, A. (1990), Islamic History, Nigeria: Taha Publisher

Safiur-Rahman, M. (2011), Ar-Raheequl Makhtum: The Sealed Nectar, Riyadh: Darussalam

Sidiq, U.O. (2022), “African-Christian King’s Hospitality to Muslim Envoys: A Catalyst for 21^st Century Christian-Muslim Relations in Nigeria” in eds. Paramole K.O. Paramole, Salisu, T.M. & Amuni O.K. Impacting the Nigerian Society Through Humanities and Education, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing

Syed A.A. (1873), A Critical Examination of the Life and Teachings of Muhammed, London: Williams and Norgate

_____, (1922), A History of the Evolution and Ideals of Islam with a Life of the Prophet, London: Christophers Berners Street.

_____, (2008), The Spirit of Islam; or the Life and Teachings of Mohammed, USA: W.H Allen & Co. Ltd

Innovations and Evolution of Metallurgy in Islamic Civilization of the Nusantara Region

Agus Pramono — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The study explores the transformation of metallurgy in Islamic civilization and its influence on the development of metalworking in Nusantara. Beginning with pioneers such as Khabab bin Al-Arat and Salman Al-Farisi, who introduced alloy technologies such as the creation of Zulfikar's sword, Islamic metallurgy advanced significantly with contributions from Jabir Ibn Hayyan and Reyhan Al-Biruni. This knowledge developed innovative methods, such as sublimation and nanostructure technologies, which found applications in weapons like the Damascus sword. The knowledge was later disseminated to Java by Sheikh Sadzali, who merged Islamic spiritual teachings with local traditions, particularly in keris-making, through figures like Mpu Supo Driyo and his son, Mpu Supo Mandraki. Collaborating with Sheikh Abdul Jalil, they integrated Islamic values into the symbolic designs of keris, blending functionality and spirituality. This research highlights the continuity of Islamic knowledge in advancing global technology while enriching local cultural heritage in Nusantara.

Keywords: metallurgy, islamic civilization, keris, archipelago, damascus sword

REFERENCES

Pramono, A. (2018). The Existence of Metallurgical Science in Islamic Perspective. Journal of Character Education "JAWARA" (JPKJ), 4(1), 75-78. https://103.142.195.99/index.php/JAWARA/article/view/9529/0.

Pramono, A. (2022). Reyhan Al-Biruni's Fi Ma'rifat Al Jawahir: A Reference Book for the World's Metal Manufacturing Technology. Journal of Islamic History, 2(1), 12-23, UIN Salatiga, 7(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.53088/jih.v2i1.354.

Pramono, A. (2021). The book of the development of science & technology in an Islamic perspective (First print). Deepublish Publisher. https://www.deepublishstore.com/buku development-of-science/knowledge/.

Pramono, A. (2022). The classical book of the Abbasid period as a reference for advanced military technology: A thought genealogy study. Millatī: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, 7(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v7i1.7048.

Sunyoto, A. (2012). Atlas of Walisongo: The first book to reveal the Wali Songo as historical facts (First Printing). Cooperation of IIMaN Library, Trans Pustaka, and LTN PBNU. Pages 123-130.

Republika Khazanah. (August 4, 2011). The Story of the Prophet's Companions: Khabbab bin Arats, a Teacher in Knowledge and Sacrifice. Retrieved from https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/lpe4hn/kisah-sahabatnabi-khabbab-bin-arats-guru-dalam-ilmu-dan-pengorbanan.

Ibn Hisham. (1955). Sirah Nabawiyah. Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub AlIlmiyyah.

Tsuji, N., Saito, Y., Lee, S. H., & Minamino, Y. (1999). ARB (Accumulative Roll-Bonding) and other new techniques to produce bulk ultrafine-grained materials. Advanced Engineering

Materials, 1(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/ DOI: 10.1016/S13596462(99)00015-9.

Rahman, A. (2015). The Sword of Damascus: Medieval Islamic art and technology. Oxford: Islamic Publishing Press.

Hoyland, R. G., & Gilmour, B. (2012). Medieval Islamic swords and sword-making. GetTextbooks.com.

Paufler, P., Reibold, M., Levin, A. A., Kochmann, W., & Paufler, P. (2006). Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre. Nature, 444(7117), 286. https://doi.org/10.1038/444286a.

Sunyoto, A. (2018). Atlas of Walisongo: Reconstructing the History of Walisongo. Jakarta: IIMaN Library.

Reid, A. (1988). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Volume One: The Lands Below the Winds. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Poda Obunawa Manuscript Records: A Reference Source: Atlas of Walisongo,. 2012]

Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1200 (4^thed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Syarif Hidayatullah's Da'wah and Political Thought: a Religious Moderation Perspective

Juma' — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research analyzes Syarif Hidayatullah's da'wah (preaching) and politics using the concept of religious moderation. This research is a library research with main sources, archives, documents, books, journals, and other related works. The sources are obtained from searches on authoritative websites, such as Delpher, British Library, KITLV, and so on. By applying historical analysis, in the form of source criticism, interpretation and historiography, this research uses a biographical approach and leadership theory. This research shows that Syarif Hidayatullah as a scholar and umara has applied the principle of religious moderation in Cirebon Palace. The religious moderation applied by Syarif Hidayatullah is based on religion-based politics. Where, his political policy succeeded in controlling ritual issues, religious ceremonies, da’wah, and socio-politics. Thus, Syarif Hidayatullah not only succeeded as a politician who expanded the territory, but also succeeded in becoming a role model of religious leaders who prioritize the principle of wasathiyah (moderate).

Keywords: syarif hidayatullah, political da'wah, moderation

REFERENCES

Graff and Th. Pigeaud. Islamic Kingdoms in Java, the Transition from Majapahit to Mataram. Translation of Grafitipers and KITLV, First Cet. Jakarta: Temprint, 1985.

Suprapto, H. M. Bibit. Encyclopedia of Nusantara Ulama: Life History, Works, and History of Struggle of 157 Nusantara Ulama. Jakarta; Gelegar Media Indonesia, 2009

Ibrahim, Tatang. History of Islamic Culture, Madrasah Tsanawiyah for Class IX Semester 1 and 2. Bandung: CV ARMICO, 2009

Azra, Azyumardi. Network of Middle Eastern and Archipelago Scholars in the XVII and XVIII Centuries; Roots of Indonesian Islamic Reform. Bandung: Mizan, 1994

Bekhofer. Jr, Robert F. A Behavioral Approach to Historical Analysis. New York: Free Press, 1971

Tamburakka, Rustam E. Introduction to Historical Science, Philosophical Theory of History, History of Philosophy and Science and Technology Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 1999

Gottschalk, Louis. Understanding History, ed. Nugroho Notosusanto. Yogyakarta: UI Press Publishing Foundation, 1971

Abdurrahman, Dudung. Historical Research Methods. Jakarta: Logos, 1999

Zuhri, Saifuddin. History of Islamic Revival and Its Development in Indonesia. Bandung: P.T. AL-Maarif, second cet. 1980

Sutrisno, Budiono Hadi. History of the Walisongo Mission of Islamization in Java. Yogyakarta: Graha Pustaka, 2009

Kartodirdjo, Sartono. Introduction to New Indonesian History: From Emporium to Empire Volume I. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1987

Ekajati, Edi S. Local History of West Java. Jakarta: Interumas Sejahtera, 1992

Al Qurtuby, Sumanto. Chinese-Islamic-Javanese Currents. Yogyakarta: Inspeal Ahimsakarya Press, 2003

Sunyoto, Agus. Wali Songo: Reconstructing a Dismissed History. Jakarta: Transpustaka, 2011

Tjandrasasmita, Uka. Archaeology of Islam Nusantara. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2009

Sunardjo, RH. Unang. A Glimpse into the History of the Kingdom of Cerbon 1479-1809. Bandung: Tarsito, 1983

Bochari, M. Sanggupri and Wiwi Kuswiah. History of the Traditional Kingdom of Cirebon. Jakarta: CV. Suko Rejo Bersinar, 2001

Wildan, Dadan. Syarif Hidayatullah. Ciputat: Salima, 2012

Siti Fauziyah, "The Gait of Sunan Gunung Jati in Building Islamic Political Power in West Java", Tsaqafah, Journal of Religion and Culture, Vol.13 No.1 January-June 2015.

Nindia Farah Islamiati, "The Strategy of Spreading Islam of Sunan Gunung Jati Through the Politics of the Sultanate of Cirebon (1479-1568)", Thesis, Faculty of Ushuluddin, Adab, and Humanities, UIN Prof. KH. Saifuddin Zuhri, Purwokerto, 2023.

Hanif Cahyo Adi Kistoro, "The Relevance of the Value Concept of Sunan Gunung Jati's Petatah Petitih in Islamic Education", Journal of Islamic Religious Education At-Thariqah, Vol.4 No.2, July-December 2019.

Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, Religious Moderation

Eman Suryaman, The Life Path of Sunan Gunung Djati: The Factual History and Leadership Philosophy of a Pandhita-Raja, (Bandung, Marja Publisher, 2015), 96-97.

Agus Iswanto, et al, "Narratives of Religious Moderation in the Manuscript of Serat Carub Kandha," Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan, June 30, 2021.

Kris Nandang and Suciyati Ramdhani, "The Da'wah Path of Sunan Gunung Jati in Cirebon: Building Ethno-Religious Identity and Moderation Values in a Multicultural Society," Sheikh Nurjati: Journal of Social Religion, Vol.02 No.02, 2022.

Achmad Wildan Khoerun Nahar, et al, "The Cultural Concept of Walisongo's Da'wah Strengthens Religious Moderation", Muasarah: Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2021.

Asep Supriatna, et al, "Methods of Spreading Islam Sunan Gunung Jati in the Perspective of Modern Islamic Education," Edukatif: Journal of Educational Sciences, Volume 3, Number 4, 2021.

Syarifah Aini, et al, "The Role of Sunan Gunung Djati in the Islamization of Mauk District Community, Tangerang Regency," Journal of History Education, Vol.12 No.1 2023.

Jamiat Kheir: A Catalyst for Islamic Intellectual Renewal and Educational Transformation in Early 20th Century Java

Dawami Sabri Zein — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The arrival of Europeans to the archipelago posed a challenge to the Islamic kingdoms that were then in power. The internal and external conflicts experienced by the Islamic kingdoms fueled the colonial spirit of the Europeans. The decline of the Islamic kingdoms became the transition to the beginning of colonialism in the archipelago. Europeans competed with each other to control the archipelago, starting from Portuguese colonialism, VOC colonialism, and British occupation to colonialism with a long period by the Dutch government. The practice of colonialism applied during the Dutch Government, which was very discriminatory and exploitative, gave rise to the Ethical Policy in the early 20th century as an effort to redeem Dutch behaviour. This policy has led to the emergence of new ideologies that are growing rapidly due to easy access to education, information and technology. One of the new ideologies that developed rapidly in the 20th century was the understanding of Modern Islam pioneered by the Jamiat Kheir organization. Jamiat Kheir, which is engaged in social education, began to spread the ideology of Modern Islam through teaching and interacting with the outside world of the Dutch East Indies. The spread of Modern Islam initiated by Jamiat Kheir eventually led to the growth of other Modern Islamic organizations.

Keywords: colonialism, ethical politics, ideology, modern islam, jamiat kheir

REFERENCES

Ali, M. (2016). Islam and colonialism: Becoming modern in Indonesia and Malaya. Edinburgh University Press.

Kusdiana, A. (n.d.). Pesantren Persatuan Islam and its Contribution to the Development of Thought in Indonesia (1936-2022). Historia Madania, 7(2).

Mansur, & Junaedi, M. (2005). Reconstruction of the History of Islamic Education in Indonesia,. Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.

Mobini-Kesheh, N. (2004). The Hadrami awakening: Community and identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942 (Reprint). Southeast Asia Program Publications.

Nasution, H., Zein, S. E., Amin, M., Yusuf, Y., & Dahlan, A. A. (1992). Encyclopedia of Indonesian Islam. Djambatan.

Noer, D. (1978). The modernist Muslim movement in Indonesia: 1900-1942 (2. impr). Oxford University Press.

Otoman, & Suriana, S. (2021). Ahmad Surkati and Islamic Reform in Indonesia through the Al-Irsyad Association 1914-1943. Danadyaksa Historica, 1(2).

Rahmadi, D., & Hidayat, F. (2019). THE ROLE OF JAMIAT KHEIR AS A PIONEER OF MODERN ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN JAKARTA (1905-1942). Alun Sejarah, 3(2).

Ricklefs, M. C., & Wahono, S. (2008). Modern Indonesian history 1200-2004. Serambi.

Rusli, Desmaniar, & Nofenchi, S. Y. (n.d.). The Existence of Syaikh Ahmad Surkati as a Figure of Islamic Reform in Indonesia 1914-1943. Tarikhuna Journal of History and History, 2(2).

Suminto, H. A. (1986). Political Islam in the Dutch East Indies, het Kantoor voor Inlandsche Zaken (Cet. 2). Research Institute for Economic and Social Education and Information.

Beyond Borders: The Role of the Indonesian Student Diaspora in Egypt in the Pursuit of Independence

Imam Rasikh Islami, Erasiah — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

This article aims to explain the contribution/role of the Indonesian student diaspora in Egypt as national ambassadors to bilateral relations between Indonesia and Egypt, especially for Indonesian Independence. The Indonesian student diaspora in Egypt has an important role in seeking the support of Arab countries, especially Egypt; this effort was made long before Indonesia's Independence. The spirit of renewal of Indonesian students was also influenced by the idea of renewal raised by Muhammad Abduh and his students. So that, since 1920. Approaching 1945, the student political movement was increasingly active, and efforts to approach soft diplomacy had been made, introducing Indonesia as a Muslim country that needed help from other fellow Muslims. This effort paid off with the Egyptian State officially declaring Indonesia's Independence, followed by other Arab countries.

Keywords: diaspora, contribution, egypt, indonesian students

REFERENCES

Cairo, K. (n.d.). Indonesia-Egypt Bilateral Consultation 2019: Indonesia-Egypt Agreed to Increase Economic Cooperation between the Two Countries.

Indonesian Diplomacy. (n.d.). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.

Fachir, A. (2009). Portrait of Indonesia - Egypt Relations (A. . Fachir (Ed.)). Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Cairo.

Fernando, J., Marta, R. F., & Hidayati, R. K. (2020). Reactualization of Indonesian diaspora students in maintaining the nation's cultural identity on the Australian Continent. Journal of Communication Studies, 8.

Haris, A. H., & Othman, M. R. (2013). Contributions of Egypt Alumni in Education and Literature in Malaya and Indonesia, 1920s-1970s. International Journal of West Asian Studies, 5. https://doi.org/10.5895

Haris, A. H., & Othman, M. R. (2015). The Activities of Malay Students in Cairo 1920s to 1960s. Bachelor, 30.

Hassan, Z. (1980). Diplomacy of the Indonesian Revolution Abroad. Bulan Bintang.

Huda, N., & Afrita, J. (2023). The Importance of Arabic in Diplomacy and International Relations Education. Indonesian Journal of Education, 4.

Laffan, M. (2004). An Indonesian Community in Cairo: Continuity and Change in a Cosmopolitan Islamic Milieu. Indonesia, 77, 1-26.

Muqoyyidin, A. W. (2013). ISLAMIC EDUCATION UPDATE ACCORDING TO MUHAMMAD ABDUH. Journal of Islamic Education, 18.

Rahman, S. A. (2007). Indonesian Diplomacy in Egypt and Arab Countries in 1947. Discourse, 9.

Roff, W. R. (1970). Indonesian and Malay Students in Cairo in the 1920s. Indonesia, 9, 73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3350623

Sani, A. (2021). AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY OF EGYPT AND POLITICS. AAl-Kaffah 9.

Sari, A. M. (2024). Ambassador Lutfi encourages increased exports of Indonesian products to the Egyptian market. Antara: Indonesian News Agency.

SD, H. A. (2017). Diaspora as Indonesia's Multi Track Diplomacy to Realize the Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development. Proyeksi - Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 22.

Shinta, A. (2019). Improving Diaspora's Understanding of Archipelago Concept as an Effort to Make the 2019 General Election Successful. Journal of Lemhannas RI Studies.

Syafitria, F., Andayani, P., & Emayanti, E. (2023). THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE INDONESIAN DIASPORA TO ECONOMIC COOPERATION, UMKM, IMPORT AND EXPORT, AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT. WELFARE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE, 4.

Tunggal, A. R. (2019). Indonesia-Egypt Diplomacy: Darussalam Gontor and Al-Azhar University. Islamic World and Politics, 4.

Widodo, Y. (2017). Indonesian Student Diaspora Media: Existence, Role, and Indonesian Spirit. Journal of Communication Science, 14.

Wilandra, S. S. (2019). The Role of Indonesian Youth in Egypt in the Independence Revolution: A Case Study of Harun Nasution.

الشرقاوي, م. (n.d.). اندونيسيا المعاصرة. مكتبة الانجلو المعاصرة.

Ibn Khaldūn's Epistemology of Natural Science within his Philosophy of History: A Socio-Economic Analysis

Salsabila Dwi Putri, Imam Rasikh Islami, Putri Julianti, Lukmanul Hakim — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim who lived in the 14th century and was known as a philosopher and historian, made important contributions to developing social and economic thought, particularly through his famous work, the Muqaddimah. In Ibn Khaldun's view, history is not merely seen as a series of isolated events but as a process influenced by social, economic, and natural factors. One of the main concepts he introduced was 'Natural Science,' which encompasses the study of physical and social factors that influence the development of society. This article explores how Ibn Khaldun viewed the relationship between 'Natural Science' and social and economic development in the context of the philosophy of history. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this concept reveals the idea of the cycle of progress and decline of civilizations influenced by the physical, social, and economic conditions of society.

Keywords: Ibn Khaldun, Natural Science, Philosophy of History, Social, Economics

Amin, Khairul. 2018. "Badawah & Hadarah: Ibn Khaldun's Concept of Sociology."." Journal of Sociology of Religion 12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/.

Fathoni, Rifai Shodiq. 2016. "Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History." Insight History.Com.

Sarah, Yunia. 2020. "Ibn Khaldun's View on the Philosophy of History." UNAND Repository 13.

Sriyatno. 2018. History and Social Change: The Intellectual Thought of Ibn Khaldun. edited by A. S. Nugroho. Purwokerto: UM Purwokerto Press.

Sujati, Budi. 2018. "CONCEPTION OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY AND HISTORICAL THOUGHT ACCORDING TO IBNU KHALDUN." Tamaddun 6.

ابن خلدون, عبدالرحمن بن محمد. 2019. مقدمة ابن خلدون. Cairo, Egypt: دار نهضة مصر للنشر, دولي.

الأحمد, محمد علي. 2008. "نحو رؤية منهجية مُ وَ اكِ بة في دراسة التاريخ 'ابن خلدون نموذجاً.'" الفكر الإسلامي المعاصر (إسلامية المعرفة سابقا) 13(51):9-38. doi: 10.35632/citj.v13i51.1205.

النصافي, سالم جاسر. 2021. "فلسفة التاريخ عند ابن خلدون (ت 808 هـ /1406 م)." مجلة كلية الأدب جامعة بنها.

محمد, جواد حسين. 2017. "تأملات في فلسفة ابن خلدون التاريخية." Journal of Al-Qadisiya in Arts and Educational Sciences 17.

Batunggu Kubur Tradition: Exploring the Interplay of Spirituality and Social Cohesion in Banjar Society

Wulan Sari, Muhammad Husni, Suryanti — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The tradition of grave burying is one of the cultural heritage of the Banjar community in South Kalimantan, full of spiritual and social values. This tradition grew from a combination of pre-Islamic local customs and Islamic teachings deeply rooted in the lives of the community. This grave-burying tradition has the background to strengthen the bonds of brotherhood and show social concern in the form of ta'ziyah and togetherness in times of grief, which makes it unique to study. Several previous studies have examined the phenomenon of the grave burying tradition around the living hadith of the implementation, laws and views of scholars about grave burying. What distinguishes it from this study is that the perpetrators of this tradition are not only Banjar people but also those from outside the area. In addition, this tradition is also a means to reflect on life before death. Based on observations of the socio-cultural realities of the community at the location, this study uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques based on observation and in-depth interviews with residents, grave guards and RKM (death pillars) around the Amuntai Muslim Residents' Cemetery Complex (HSU) as informants. Based on the results of observations and interviews, several motives for carrying out the grave burying tradition can be obtained. First, the community's belief in the arrival of the angels Munkar and Nakir immediately after the mourners leave the grave is the theological basis of this tradition. Although not explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an or Hadith as mandatory worship, this tradition is considered not to be contrary to Islamic teachings as long as it is carried out with good intentions and does not contain elements of shirk. Second, its implementation involves the activity of reading the Qur'an around the grave for several days after the funeral, with the aim of providing peace for the bereaved family and praying for the deceased to obtain spaciousness in the grave. Third, in the context of values, the grave guardrail reflects Islamic values such as compassion, care, social solidarity, and respect for the corpse. This tradition also shows a form of obedience and community effort in maintaining a spiritual relationship between the living and the deceased. Thus, the grave guardrail is not only a local cultural heritage but also a manifestation of Islamic values in the daily lives of Muslims in South Kalimantan and its surroundings.

REFERENCES

Abidin. (2023, August 23). Interview [Personal communication].

Ahmad, H. (2023, July 23). Interview [Personal communication].

Angkat, C. A. br, Lubis, M. Z. H., & Ginting, L. D. C. U. (2024). KARO'S THREATENED CULTURAL HERITAGE: EFFORTS TO PRESERVE AND DEVELOP THE TEMBUT-TEMBUT MASK TRADITION. Journal of Scientific Horizons, 3(8), Article 8.

Arifin, M. N., Wahyuni, N., & Asrori, M. (2024). Tahlilan Tradition of the Suka Jaya Village Community in the Perspective of Islamic Education. Arfannur: Journal of Islamic Education, Volume 5, Number 1, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.24260/arfannur.v5i1.1710

Asrori, A. (2022). THE TRADITION OF TAHLILAN AND GRAVE PILGRIMAGE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL PHILOSOPHY: Descriptive Study in Beringin Village, Campang Jaya Village [Thesis]. UIN Raden Intan Lampung.

Azzahra, S. (2025). AN ANALYSIS OF THE LAW OF THE GRAVE GUARDING TRADITION IN THE BANJAR COMMUNITY. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence, Economic and Legal Theory (IJIJEL), 3.

BPS Palangka Raya City. (2024). BPS Palangka Raya City (1-22). BPS Palangka Raya City.

Buseri, K. (2012). THE SULTANATE OF BANJAR AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ISLAMIC PROSELYTIZATION. AL-BANJARI Scientific Journal of Islamic Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 2, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.18592/al-banjari.v11i2.457

Caswito, Muarif, Y. Z., & Aziz, A. (2024). Islamic Law Reform: Achieving Grace through Tahlil & Tawasul. Vol. 6 No.2, 241-262. https://doi.org/10.20885/PLR.vol6.iss2.art5

Erawati, D. (2017). THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION OF THE VALUE OF TOGETHERNESS IN AN EFFORT TO OVERCOME RELIGIOUS CONFLICT IN COMMUNITY LIFE IN THE CITY OF PALANGKA RAYA. Palita: Journal of Social Religion Research, Vol.2 No.1, 1-112. https://doi.org/10.24256/pal.v2i1.63

Farhan, M. (2023, July 23). Interview [Personal communication].

Geography and Climate of Palangka Raya City Government. (2021). https://palangkaraya.go.id/selayang-pandang/geografis/

Hadi, M. M. (2022). SOCIAL MODAL IN PRESERVING THE COUNTRY OF MULTICULTURAL COMMUNITY (Study of Religious Harmony in Pabuaran Village, Gunung Sindur District, Bogor Regency) [Thesis]. UIN Syarif Hidayatillah.

Hatimah, H., Emawati, & Husni, M. (2021). Tahlilan Tradition of Banjar Community in Pahandut Sub-district, Palangka Raya City. Syams: Journal of Islamic Studies, Volume 2 Number1. http://e-journal.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/syams

Hendraswati, Asnaini, & Sulistyorini, P. (2006). Pahandut: A Review of Socio-Political History. West Kalimantan Cultural Value Preservation Center (BPNB), Ministry of Education and Culture.

Indriani, A. N. (2022). TRADITION OF DEATH CEREMONY REVIEWED FROM ISLAMIC VALUES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SIMBOLIC INTERACTION IN THE MAJU XII COMMUNITY OF WEST LAMPUNG [Thesis]. UIN Raden Intan Lampung.

Ishaac, M., & Mukarram, M. L. (2024). Islamic Education Values in Batunggu Kubur Tradition in Lok Baintan Village, Sungai Tabuk District. Tamadduna: Journal of Civilization, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.29313/tamadduna.v1i2.5037

Jannah, M. (2014). Living Hadith in the Grave Guarding Tradition of the Banjar Community of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Kalimantan. ESENSIA: Journal of Ushuluddin Sciences, 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14421/esensia.v15i1.763

Junaidi. (2017). THE BATUNGGU KUBUR TRADITION ACCORDING TO THE OPINIONS OF NAHDLATUL 'ULAMA (NU) AND MUHAMMADIYAH 'ULAMA IN MARABAHAN [Thesis]. IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin.

Kapindo, R. A. (2023). THE TRADITION OF CONDOLENCE AND RELIGIOUS HARMONY IN THE EAST PRINGSEWU VILLAGE, KAB. PRINGSEWU [Thesis, UIN Raden Intan Lampung]. https://repository.radenintan.ac.id/22970/1/SKRIPSI%20BAB%201%265.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Ministry of Education and Culture (1986). Traditional Death Ceremony of South Kalimantan. https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/27755/

Khairi, M. M. (2023). Recitation of the Qur'an in the Batunggu Kubur Tradition for the People of Palangka Raya City [Thesis, UIN Antasari Banjarmasin]. http://idr.uin-antasari.ac.id/id/eprint/24841

Khalida, A., Aprianti, Y., & Azkia, L. (2022). Gravediggers in Cakeru Village, North Amuntai District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency. JTAMPS: Journal of Final Project of Sociology Education Students, Vol. 2 No. 2. https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journals/index.php/jtamps/index

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2018). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (4th ed.). SAGE.

Nadhiroh, W. (2019). THE RELIGIOUS REASONING OF THE BANJAR COMMUNITY: FROM MYSTICAL-REALIST TO TRADITIONALIST-CRITICAL. AL-BANJARI Scientific Journal of Islamic Sciences, Vol.18, No.2, 246-273. https://doi.org/10.18592/al-banjari.v18i2.3003

Noor, M. I. (2011). ISLAMIC REASONING OF URANG BANJAR. Al-Banjari, Vol. 10, No.2, 145-164.

Nuraini, & Jannah, W. (2020). The Tradition of Reciting the Qur'an in Graveyards in Indonesian Society. Tafse: Journal of Qur'anic Studies, Vol. 5, No.2, 64-81.

Ravens. (2024). The Tradition of Reciting the Qur'an at Batunggu Kubur in the Community of Murung Raya Village, South Banjarmasin District (Living Qur'an Study) [State Islamic University (UIN) Antasari Banjarmasin]. https://idr.uin-antasari.ac.id/26057/

Rahmadi. (2022). RELIGION AND CULTURE OF THE BANJAR PEOPLE: A Thematic Overview of Religion and Locality Research Results (1st ed.). ZAHIR PUBLISHING. https://idr.uin-antasari.ac.id/20779/1/Agama%20dan%20Budaya%20Masyarakat%20Banjar_Rahmadi_rev-sb.pdf

Rahman, G., Husin, & Rusydi, A. (2021). THE TRADITION OF GRAVE GUARDING IN THE BANJAR COMMUNITY. ISoLEC Proceedings, 5(1), Article 1.

Ramadan, I. (2022). Study of Living Hadith on the Khataman al-Qur'an Tradition over Graves in North Padang Lawas: Study of Living Hadith on the Khataman al-Qur'an Tradition over Graves in North Padang Lawas. Journal of Living Hadith, 7(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.14421/livinghadis.2022.4277

Sarifudin, L. (2023, August 12). Interview [Personal communication].

Satimin. (2021). Philosophical Values in Commemorating the Day of Death Ceremony in Javanese Tradition Viewed from Social Aspects (Study in Air Banai, Hulu Palik Subdistrict, North Bengkulu Regency. 6 No. 1, 43.

Septiana, R. A. E. (2018). THE POLITICS OF DEATH IN PRAXIS INTERPRETATION, A STUDY OF THE POLITICAL CONSTELLATION OF FAKEM PALEMBANG DARUSSALAM IN THE PALEMBANG CITY ELECTION ERA. 1.

Sunarno, A., Firman, Ikbal, A., & Indrawati, L. (2023). EFFORTS TO MINIMIZE CASES OF INTOLERANCE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PLACES OF WORSHIP FOR THE CREATION OF SOCIAL COHESION IN MULTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN. Journal of Paris Langkis, 3 Number 2, 93-100. https://doi.org/10.37304/paris.v3i2.8719

Syukri, A. (2011). The Practice of Giving Rewards to the Dead in the Perspective of Fiqh Muqaran (A Comparative Study Between the Opinions of Mazhab Ulama who Support and Reject it) [Thesis, UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau]. http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/id/eprint/326

Tahir, A. (2019). Textbook of Organizational Behavior. Nilacakra.

Umilati, D., Iqbal, M., Husni, M., Anggraeni, N. N., & Romdhoni, A. R. (2023). SAINT OF SOUTH KALIMANTAN: BANJAR PEOPLE'S PILGRIMAGE TO THE TOMB OF SHEIKH NAFIS IDRIS AL-BANJARI. Journal of Religious and Community Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, 150-161. https://doi.org/10.23971/jsam.v19i2.7522

Death Ceremonies in Banjar Society (South Kalimantan). (t.t.). Death Ceremony in Banjar Society (South Kalimantan). Retrieved May 29, 2025, from https://uun-halimah.blogspot.com/2008/06/upacara-kematian-pada-masyarakat-banjar.html

W, K. (2017). Motivation of the Palangka Raya Community in Implementing the Tradition of Waiting for Graves in the Review of Islamic Law. Journal of Religious and Community Studies, 11(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.23971/jsam.v11i2.436

Waluya, B. (2007). Sociology: Exploring social phenomena in society. PT Grafindo Media Pratama. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=pGxmsW9Emc0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA4&dq=info:HyTp5FRpc8J:scholar.google.com&ots=0PnigQlthN&sig=Jjw7yKB5BYTMcFrJGuNY9olGl6c

Yusof, M. Y. S., & Ramli, M. A. (2021). Local Wisdom of Tahlīland Tunggu KuburPractices in Death Custom among the Malaysin Malaysia. UMRAN: International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, Vo.8 No.2, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2021.8n2.396